Canada Public Health Association (2022). What are the social determinants of health? Retrieved from https://www.cpha.ca/what-are-social-determinants-health

Moscrop A., Ziebland S., Bloch G., Iraola J R., (2020). If social determinants of health are so important, shouldn’t we ask patients about them? BMJ 2020; 371 :m4150 doi:10.1136/bmj.m4150

Mikkonen, J., Social determinants of health, (2022). Canadian Electronic Library. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1204147/social-determinants-of-health/1757256/ on 15 Jun 2022. CID: 20.500.12592/mm0nz9.

Raphael, D. (2006). Social Determinants of Health: Present Status, Unanswered Questions, and Future Directions. International Journal of Health Services, 36(4), 651–677. https://doi.org/10.2190/3MW4-1EK3-DGRQ-2CRF

Gore, D., Kothari, A. (2012). Social determinants of health in Canada: Are healthy living initiatives there yet? A policy analysis. Int J Equity Health11, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-41

Bryant T., Raphael D., Schrecker T., Labonte. R. (2011)

Canada: A land of missed opportunity for addressing the social determinants of health,

Health Policy, Volume 101, Issue 1, Pages 44-58, ISSN 0168-8510,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.022

Ecological model - Cardiovascular disease in South Asians.

Ceasar, Joniqua & Ayers, Colby & Andrews, Marcus & Claudel, Sophie & Tamura, Kosuke & Das, Sandeep & Lemos, James & Neeland, Ian & Powell-Wiley, Tiffany. (2020). Unfavorable perceived neighborhood environment associates with less routine healthcare utilization: Data from the Dallas Heart Study. PLoS ONE. 15. 10.1371/journal.pone.0230041.

Thongs, G., & Gahman, L. (2015). In the Caribbean, colonialism and inequality mean hurricanes hit harder. Retrieved October 23, 2017, from http://theconversation.com/in-the-caribbean-colonialism-and-inequality-mean-hurricanes-hit-harder-84106

Das A, Ambale-Venkatesh B, Lima JA, Freedman JE, Spahillari A, Das R, et al. Cardiometabolic disease in south Asians: a global health concern in an expanding population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2016.08.001.

Tharmaratnam, T., Iskandar, M. A., Doherty, S., D’Urzo, K. A., Kopalakrishnan, S., Tabobondung, T. C., Gopee-Ramanan, P., Sivagurunathan, S., & Sivananthan, N. (2018). The Role of Physical Activity Prescription in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Amongst South Asian Canadians. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 5. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00165

Makshood, M., Post, W. S., & Kanaya, A. M. (2019). Lipids in South Asians: Epidemiology and Management. Current cardiovascular risk reports, 13(8), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-019-0618-9

Palaniappan, L., Garg, A., Enas, E., Lewis, H., Bari, S., Gulati, M., Flores, C., Mathur, A., Molina, C., Narula, J., Rahman, S., Leng, J., & Gany, F. (2018). South Asian Cardiovascular Disease & Cancer Risk: Genetics & Pathophysiology. Journal of community health, 43(6), 1100–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-0527-8

R. Jiwani, S. Gerry, D. Patel. A review of culturally tailored interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease in South Asians. (June, 2018.). www.oatext.com. Retrieved June 11, 2022, from https://www.oatext.com/a-review-of-culturally-tailored-interventions-to-reduce-cardiovascular-disease-in-south-asians.php#Article

CVD prevention and management in B.C. and Canada

Canadian journal of cardiology. (2022, June). https://www.onlinecjc.ca/

Krueger, H., Robinson, S., Hancock, T. et al. Priorities among effective clinical preventive services in British Columbia, Canada. BMC Health Serv Res 22, 564 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07871-0

Schwalm, J.-D., McCready, T., Lear, S. A., Lamelas, P., Garis, L., Musa, H., Vincent, K., Islam, S., Attaran, A., McKee, M., & Yusuf, S. (2021). Exploring New Models for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: The Heart Outcomes Prevention and Evaluation 4 (HOPE 4) Canada Pilot Study. CJC Open, 3(3), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjco.2020.10.006

Indigenous People's Health in Canada

These are few federal resources regarding services provided to indigenous people's health.

Indigenous Services Canada

1. Government of Canada; Indigenous Services Canada. (2021, October 29). Indigenous health care in Canada. Government of Canada; Indigenous Services Canada. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1626810177053/1626810219482

Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health

2. Government of Canada, C. I. of H. R. (2022, June 23). Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health. CIHR. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/8668.html

First Nations Health Authority

3. First Nations Health Authority, Health through Wellness. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.fnha.ca/wellness/wellness-for-first-nations/our-history-our-health

This is a book I used in one of my courses during my undergraduate; this book has precise details on the overall health determinants of indigenous peoples in Canada. From cultural practices, the importance of elders in indigenous society to how the loss of connectivity to the land has built the foundation of health inequity in indigenous people's health across generations in Canada.

4. Greenwood, M. (2015). Determinants of indigenous peoples' health in Canada: Beyond the social. Canadian Scholars' Press.

Research paper with suggestions on how health equity amongst Indigenous peoples in Canada could be achieved, and the reasons are acting as barriers, such as institutional racism embedded in the health system.

5. Richmond, C. A., & Cook, C. (2016). Creating conditions for Canadian Aboriginal Health Equity: The promise of healthy public policy. Public Health Reviews, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-016-0016-5

Vulnerable population Health in Canada

Definition of vulnerable population in healthcare

Waisel D. B. (2013). Vulnerable populations in healthcare. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 26(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e32835e8c17

Numerous research studies on vulnerable population health conducted by UBC in British Columbia

Equity and Vulnerable Populations | UBC Centre for Health Services and Policy Research. (n.d.). Chspr.ubc.ca. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from https://chspr.ubc.ca/publications/publications-by-topic/equity/

Statistics and surveillance on different health indicators in the BC population, including vulnerable population

Population & Public Health Surveillance. (n.d.). www.bccdc.ca. http://www.bccdc.ca/our-services/programs/population-public-health-surveillance

Immigrant and refugee health in Canada

A website hosting a community of newcomer and global health students, practitioners, researchers, and community leaders.

Canadian collaboration for immigrant and refugee health. CCIRH. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2022, from https://ccirhken.ca/

Policy reforms in refugee healthcare.

Holtzer, E., Moore-Dean, A., Srikanthan, A., & Kuluski, K. (2017). Reforming Refugee Healthcare in Canada: Exploring the Use of Policy Tools. Réforme des services de santé pour les réfugiés au Canada : examen de l'utilisation des outils stratégiques. Healthcare policy = Politiques de sante, 12(4), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2017.25099

Challenges for newcomers in accessing mental health supports.

Caldararu, A., Clements, J., Gayle, R., Hamer, C., & Varvos, M. M. M. (2021, December 21). Challenges for newcomers in accessing mental health supports, the Canadian health system, and excellent and promising practices across Canada. Canadian Settlement in Action History and Future. Retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://openeducationalberta.ca/settlement/chapter/challenges-for-newcomers-in-accessing-mental-health-supports-and-the-canadian-health-system/

Immigrants and rural migration in Canada.

Patel, A., Dean, J., Edge, S., Wilson, K., & Ghassemi, E. (2019). Double Burden of Rural Migration in Canada? Considering the Social Determinants of Health Related to Immigrant Settlement Outside the Cosmopolis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050678

Immigration plan and statistics by Canadian governmental agency.

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Notice – Supplementary Information 2018–2020 Immigration Levels Plan. Ottawa: Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2017.

Statistics Canada Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity: Key Results from the 2016 Census. [(accessed on 15 December 2018)]; Available online: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025b-eng.htm

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